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Protestants ideaal: kerk en natie =E9=E9n pot nat

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Peter Giesen
gepubliceerd op 21 februari 2009 00:00, = bijgewerkt=20 op 24 februari 2009 15:04

De protestantse orthodoxie was in de 19de eeuw een = brede,=20 diffuse beweging die Nederland als een christelijke natie zag.Door Peter = Giesen

Godsdienst was belangrijker dan politiek bij de vorming van de = Nederlandse=20 natie in de 19de eeuw. Orthodoxe protestanten koesterden een = burgerschapsideaal=20 waarbij niet de staat en de politiek centraal stonden, maar kerk en = natie. Zij=20 zagen Nederland als een christelijke natie. Het moderne maatschappelijk = leven in=20 Nederland is daarmee eerder geworteld in religie dan in politiek. Dit = stelt=20 historica Annemarie Houkes in haar proefschrift Christelijke = vaderlanders =96=20 Godsdienst, burgerschap en natie, 1850-1900. Haar studie maakt deel uit = van een=20 groter projectonderzoek naar de ontwikkeling van de moderne politiek in=20 Nederland.

Protestantse politiek in de 19de eeuw wordt al snel geassocieerd met = Abraham=20 Kuyper, voorman van de gereformeerden, die in 1879 de eerste moderne = politieke=20 partij van Nederland stichtte, de AntiRevolutionaire Partij. =91Maar de=20 gereformeerden maakten in 1900 slechts 8 procent van de bevolking uit. = De=20 protestantse orthodoxie was veel breder. Grote delen van de Nederlandse=20 Hervormde kerk behoorden ertoe. In totaal gaat het om eenderde tot bijna = de=20 helft van de bevolking, afhankelijk van de vraag welke groepen je = precies=20 meerekent=92, zegt Houkes. =91Ik wilde juist over die brede = volksbeweging=20 schrijven.=92

Die keuze maakt het onderwerp van haar proefschrift soms moeilijk = grijpbaar.=20 De protestantse orthodoxie bestond in 1850 nog nauwelijks. In drie = decennia=20 ontwikkelde zich een brede beweging van orthodoxe protestanten, die soms = heel=20 verschillende visies hadden op kerk, staat, natie, geloof en politiek. = Een=20 duidelijker onderscheid ontstond pas na 1880. Sindsdien wordt er = gesproken van=20 gereformeerden en hervormden.

Maar juist de geschiedenis van deze diffuse groep werpt een nieuw = licht op de=20 geschiedenis van de 19de eeuw en de daaropvolgende verzuiling, zegt = Houkes. =91De=20 gereformeerden waren sterk verzuild, maar de hervormden veel minder. = Natuurlijk=20 was de kerk het centrum van het sociaal leven, en daar zat een sterk=20 verenigingsleven omheen. Maar daar waren de hervormden niet zo aan = gebonden.=20 Sommigen stuurden hun kinderen naar de christelijke school, anderen naar = de=20 openbare. Sommige hervormden stemden op de Christelijk Historische Unie = (CHU),=20 anderen op de liberalen of de Anti-Revolutionairen. De CHU was ook geen = echte=20 partij, maar een los verband dat zich vooral rond de verkiezingen=20 organiseerde.=92

Het is niet zo verwonderlijk dat de gereformeerden zoveel aandacht = hebben=20 gekregen in de geschiedschrijving van het protestantisme. Zij waren het = actiefst=20 en het best georganiseerd, in herkenbare instituties als de ARP en de = Vrije=20 Universiteit. Daarbij verbleekte de grote groep van =91stillere=92 = protestanten,=20 zegt Houkes.

Dat leidde echter tot een eenzijdige kijk op het 19de eeuwse = protestantisme.=20 Bij de gereformeerden van Kuyper speelde politiek een belangrijke rol. = Voor de=20 orthodoxe hervormden was godsdienst echter veel belangrijker dan = politiek. Als=20 gelovige burgers wilden zij =91getuigen=92 door maatschappelijk actief = te zijn. Zo=20 werd de beweging tegen prostitutie in sterke mate door hen gedragen, = waarbij zij=20 zowel prostituees hielpen als gemeenteraden be=EFnvloedden om de = reglementering=20 van de prostitutie af te schaffen. =91Geloof raakte mensen eerder in hun = leefwereld. Religie werd gebruikt om grote groepen mensen te = mobiliseren.=92

Orthodoxe protestanten cre=EBerden een eigen burgerschapsideaal = waarin kerk en=20 natie centraal stonden. Zij zagen zichzelf als christelijke vaderlanders = die het=20 christelijke karakter van Nederland belichaamden. =91De beweging die ik = beschrijf,=20 was niet als eenheid georganiseerd, maar orthodoxe protestanten hadden = wel een=20 sterk symbolisch idee van gemeenschap, zowel op lokaal als nationaal = niveau. Zo=20 werden vanaf 1863 de zomerse zendingsfeesten gehouden, waar een = Rotterdamse=20 arbeider een Friese boer kon ontmoeten. Zij voelden zich deel van = eenzelfde=20 natie=92, zegt Houkes. Voor die feesten werd gebruikgemaakt van de = trein, een=20 nieuw vervoermiddel dat Nederland verenigde.

Bij de grondwetsherziening van 1848 werd de scheiding van kerk en = staat=20 geregeld. Toch werd de verstrengeling van geloof en politiek in de 19de = en 20ste=20 eeuw steeds inniger. =91Veel mensen verwarren de scheiding van kerk en = staat met=20 de scheiding van geloof en politiek=92, zegt Houkes. =91De scheiding van = kerk en=20 staat is institutioneel: beide instituties hebben niets over elkaar te=20 vertellen. Dat wil echter helemaal niet zeggen dat geloof geen enkele = rol meer=20 speelt in de politiek. Kijk maar naar Amerika. Daar is de scheiding van = kerk en=20 staat heel strikt geregeld, maar heeft religie een grote politieke = betekenis.=20 Zolang er overtuigde gelovigen zijn, zal dat geloof ook in de politiek=20 doorklinken.=92 Die gedachte is volgens haar ook voor het heden van = belang. =91Wordt=20 dit ontkend, dan kan het de deelname en integratie van gelovige burgers = in het=20 publieke leven ernstig in de weg staan.=92

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